INFINITIVE and GERUND
INFINITIVE
A. Infinitive is divided into:
1. TO INFINITIVE, examples: to go, to read, to come, to learn,to play, etc.
2. INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO, examples: go, read, come, learn, play, etc.
INFINITIVES have some forms, such as:
· TO + VERB-1, example: To know me is To love me.
· NOT TO + VERB-1, example: She wants me not to go.
· TO BE + VERB-3, example: The manager wanted the report to be printed soon.
B. The use of Infinitive
1. As subject
Examples:
· To know me is to love me.
· To live is to struggle.
· To love is to sacrifice.
2. As adverb of purpose
Example:
· Hasi went to the USA to continue his study.
· I stop in front of Plaza Ambarukmo to buy some T-shirts.
3. As adverb of adjective
Examples:
· I am sorry to hear that.
· That woman is too busy to think of herself.
4. As adverb of noun
Examples:
· We have a lot of new English books to read.
· I have something to discuss today.
5. As clause which is started by (What/How-word) + to verb-1
Examples:
· I dont know what to say.
· I know how to get there.
6. After the verbs’ object below:
ask | I ask Shinta to come to a Seminar. |
agree | We all agree to find a way out. |
arrange | I arrange to meet Cyntia in the cafe. |
appear | That girl appears not to know the matter. |
afford | Mr. Simon can’t afford to build a good house. |
decide | I have decided to apply for a position. |
enable | This tool enables us to enter this room. |
encourage | My father encorages me to take the chance. |
expect | I expect to be admitted to the University Entrance Examination. |
would like | I would like you to be rich and happy. |
would prefer | I would prefer to have lunch now. |
would love | I’d love to live in Boyolali. |
order | General Mc Kein ordered the troops to keep alert. |
tell | Tell her not to leave her house after 9.00 p.m. ; etc. |
C. The use of INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
1. After the words: Can-Could, May-Might, Must-Have/Has/Had to, Shall-Should,Will-Would.
Examples:
· I can come with you.
· We must try again.
· You should stay here until everything is all right.
2. After the verbs: Let, Make, and Help.
Examples:
· The cops let the demontrators enter the parliamentary building.
· That letter has made the girl cry.
· Help me move this table, please!
3. The verb Need + to be + Verb-3 / Verb-1+ing.
Examples:
· The flowers need to be watered.
· The flowers need watering.
GERUND
A. The use of Gerund
1. Gerund as subject
Examples:
· Swimming can make us healthy.
· Having good education can be a future capital.
· Reading a lot is a must for every student.
2. Gerund as object
Examples:
· Alvina admitted keeping secret documents.
· You can go on working in this company.
· I like to make my own decoration.
3. Gerund after the verbs ”Need, Want, and Require + Verb-1 + ing” or “to be + Verb-3”
Examples:
· The flowers need watering.
· The flowers need to be watered.
4. Gerund after the verbs:
a. Object to + verb-ing
example: we objected to being treated like that.
b. Be + Opposed to + verb-ing
example: we opposed to being treated like that.
c. Be + accustomed to + verb-ing
example: people here are accustomed to working hard day and night.
d. Be + Used to + verb-ing But Used to + verb-1
example: I used to live in the city, now I live in a town but I am used to living in the city.
e. Be + Look (-ing) forward to + verb-ing
example: I am looking forward to meeting him.
5. Gerund after Prepositions
Examples:
· Sadli is good at designing houses.
· Jason is interested in learning Indonesian cultures.
· Farida is clever at making new patterns of fashion.
6. Gerund as adverb of noun
Examples:
· The dancing hall is full.
· The swimming pool is closed.
7. Gerund after Possesive Adjective
Example:
· I appreciate your coming.
· His visiting is meaningful.
There are 3 groups of Gerund or Infinitive, such as:
· Group 1 : verb + gerund
· Group 2 : verb + infinitive
· Group 3 : verb + gerund or infinitive
a. No difference in meaning
example: I like eating/to eat Halloween candy.
b. Difference in meaning
Such verbs include: try, stop, forget, remember
· Try + gerund
“I’ll try using fresh pumpkin.” <sample test >
· Try + infinitive
“... when he tries to carve his first...” <attempt to do something>
· Stop + gerund
“I can’t stop eating Halloween candy”. <quit an activity>
· Stop + infinitive
· “I am going to stop to have...” <interrupt or quit an activity to begin another>
· Remember + gerund
“I remember going trick-or-treating...” <have the memory of an event or action>
· Remember + infinitive
I remembered to buy...” <not forget to do something>
· Forget + gerund
“How could I forget buying such a cool decoration”. <not have the memory of an event or action>
· Frget + infinitive
“Don’t forget to buy candy”. <not remember to do something>
Exercises 1
1. I tried (indentifying/to indentify) all the neighborhood children in their costumes, but it wasn’t easy. Some were wearing masks that covered their faces.
2. “Please don’t forget (taking/to take) a picture of the children in their costumes,” the grandmother asked.
3. While walking home from school, the boy stopped (looking/to look) at the scarecrow in the neighbors’ front yard. He smiled at its funny face and clothes.
4. I don’t remember (seeing/to see) little Joey among the children who came to our house. Did he go trick-or-treating this year?
Exercises 2
1. Have you ever tried eating a familiar food in a strange, new way?
à I once tried eating
2. During the day, everyone must take a short break from working or studying. When did you rest today and what did you do?
à I stopped at about o’clock and
3. Look at old photos of yourself in an album. What are some things that you’ve forgotten?
à I don’t remember having , wearing , or
4. Which big holiday is coming up next? What do you have to do to prepare for it?
à I must remember to
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